The places of great biological wealth and the most endangered on Earth, the hotspots are areas with a high degree of endemism sheltering many species not found anywhere else. Conservation International (CI) identifies 34 hotspots around the world where 75 percent of mammals, birds and amphibians the most endangered of the planet, survive in a habitat covering just 2.3 percent of the earth.
Of the six Brazilian biomes, the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado are printed on CI - list of biodiversity hotspots. With more than 20,000 plants (8,000 endemic) and 2,300 animals (725 endemic), the Atlantic Forest is considered one of the top 5 biodiversity hotspots in the world.
The density of biodiversity in this ecosystem is particularly impressive. The Biomap University of Bonn from 1999 indicates the occurrence of more than 5,000 vascular plants on an area of 10,000 km2 of tropical forests in southeastern Brazil. According to UNEP - WCMC, more than 450 kinds of woody plants can be found in just one hectare of Atlantic forest in Southeast Reseras calls.
quinta-feira, 9 de setembro de 2010
Herbarium has MORE THAN 6 THOUSAND COPIES
Copies of all 611 plant species already cataloged by scientists in the region that goes from the beach Itaguaré to the Serra do Mar are deposited in the Herbarium of Universidade Santa Cecilia, the only one of Santos.
Created in 1998 under the stewardship biologist Zélia Rodrigues de Mello, he now has 6000 specimens, part of the Brazilian Network of Herbaria, Botanical Society of Brazil.
There, the plant samples are dried under pressure between sheets of absorbent paper on wooden planks, technically known as presses.
Held in conditions of constant temperature and humidity, free from insect attack, may be preserved indefinitely.
After drying, the plants are displayed on cards and given a label, where are recorded all information concerning the place where they were collected, and aspects that can not be recovered through the sample, as their odor and color of flowers and fruits, which are change with drying.
Highlights of the collection are the flora of the sandbank Bertioga algae from the coast of Santos, flora of the Botanical Gardens in Santos, native and exotic medicinal plants used by the population of Santos.
Area is endemic animals
Studies conducted over the past years Itaguaré indicate the presence of many endemic species of animals, or that do not exist elsewhere. This applies, for example, 13 species of anurans (frogs, toads and frogs), identified by scientists at USP.
The area is also habitat for about 230 bird species, many waterfowl, which nest along the 12.5 km long river Itaguaré.
Among the birds, especially Tucano-de-Bico-Black (Ramphastos vitellinus), a species regarded as probably extinct in the State of Sao Paulo, the Red List of the State Secretariat of Environment. There is also record the presence of alligators-the-crop-yellow, Ocelot, pumas and jaguars among other mammals.
Created in 1998 under the stewardship biologist Zélia Rodrigues de Mello, he now has 6000 specimens, part of the Brazilian Network of Herbaria, Botanical Society of Brazil.
There, the plant samples are dried under pressure between sheets of absorbent paper on wooden planks, technically known as presses.
Held in conditions of constant temperature and humidity, free from insect attack, may be preserved indefinitely.
After drying, the plants are displayed on cards and given a label, where are recorded all information concerning the place where they were collected, and aspects that can not be recovered through the sample, as their odor and color of flowers and fruits, which are change with drying.
Highlights of the collection are the flora of the sandbank Bertioga algae from the coast of Santos, flora of the Botanical Gardens in Santos, native and exotic medicinal plants used by the population of Santos.
Area is endemic animals
Studies conducted over the past years Itaguaré indicate the presence of many endemic species of animals, or that do not exist elsewhere. This applies, for example, 13 species of anurans (frogs, toads and frogs), identified by scientists at USP.
The area is also habitat for about 230 bird species, many waterfowl, which nest along the 12.5 km long river Itaguaré.
Among the birds, especially Tucano-de-Bico-Black (Ramphastos vitellinus), a species regarded as probably extinct in the State of Sao Paulo, the Red List of the State Secretariat of Environment. There is also record the presence of alligators-the-crop-yellow, Ocelot, pumas and jaguars among other mammals.
BEACH EROSION IN THE Itaguaré Bertioga-SP
TODAY IN PICTURES SHOW A QUANTITY OF LAND, WHICH LOSES IN COASTAL CYCLE DUE TO LAST RAID OF TIDE TO THE BEACH Itaguaré worsen the EROSION OF EXPOSING THE ROOTS OF restinga vegetation.Studies coordinated by geologist Celia Regina de Gouveia Souza shows that Itaguaré beach erosion presents strong evidence - a growing problem on the coast.
The data indicate that in 2001, 22.8% of the beaches in Sao Paulo were 'very high risk' of erosion. In the last survey, done in 2007, this figure rose to 33%. Meanwhile, the beaches at low risk of erosion fell 5% in 2001 to 2.3% in 2007. "In other words, the situation tends to get worse."
For the researcher, the reasons are inadequate occupation of the coast and coastal plains, which, among other factors, removes the original vegetation of "sandbank" and amend the drainage network - in addition to natural features such as the current rise in sea level .
Comparison
A study released by the IBGE showed that between December 2001 and December 2006, the sea level along the Brazilian coast has risen an inch.
In the coast, tide gauge data collected by (an instrument that records the ebb and flow of the tides at a given point on the coast) of the Oceanographic Institute of USP, installed since 1954 in Cananea, show that in recent 55anos sea level rose in the region 30 cm.
As a reference, data from the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC / UN) indicate that sea level has risen on average 20 cm around the world from 1990 until 2006.
Island Porchat
To Celia Regina, the more the level rises, the greater the cases of erosion. She cites as an example of this clash between the sea and human occupation, the Kinks Beach in San Vicente.
'When they made the connection with the island Porchat in the late 1940s, created a blockage that prevents the sand from the beaches of Itararé comings and Santos reached the Kinks, on those beaches that had its main source of sediment. In the early '50s began to emerge the first signs of heavy erosion, "he says.
Celia explained that the City Council at the time, began to build stone piers to lessen the impact. However, these interventions only worsened the problem.
"These piers serve as a trap, trapping sand on one side and increasing erosion on the opposite side, because blocking the coastal currents that carry sand along the beach. Today, much of this beach is disappearing, a process that tends to intensify, especially with global warming and rising sea levels, "says the researcher.
The shuttle's trip
The coastal plains are the result of a slow and continuous process of rising and falling sea levels, the result of interspersed periods of heating and cooling the planet.
Between 1.5 million and 18,000 years before present, the Earth passed through four glacial periods. Them, global temperatures dropped, the sea receded and the great masses of ice, now confined in the South and North poles, grew up and moved toward the equator.
However, in the interglacial periods, when the temperature rose, the ice melted, the sea retreated again to rise. For about 120,000 years ago and also 5600 years, for example the sea in certain parts of our coast, came to the foot of the Serra do Mar, then to slowly recede.
During these retreats, the sea was leaving rows of beach, which now fill much of our coastal plains and became the paleopraias. At each new rise in sea level, some of these paleopraias are eroded.
It was thus eroding and depositing sediments that our coast has been getting the current features. The beaches as we know them today were taking form there are about 1500 and 2000 years, when the sea was receding to the level near the present.
THE LAST BEACH It is also the oldest
Itaguaré in Bertioga, considered the last beach still preserved throughout the Santos is also the oldest coastal plain of the geological point of view.
The finding is a study by the Geological Institute, an agency of the Department of Environment of the State of São Paulo (SMA / SP).
According to researcher and professor of postgraduate course in Geography at USP, Celia Regina de Gouveia Souza, Itaguaré paleopraias has remnants of which date back over 123,000 years.
Traces of this kind are rare in Brazil, the researcher explained. Similar evidence only occur on the coast of Rio Grande do Sul
THE MOST IMPORTANT
Why have remained relatively free of human activity over the past thousands of years, the beach, until the encounter with the Coast Range, is today what the geologist classifies as "the most important corridor sub-biomes of the coastal plain existing in the State of Sao Paulo. "
To give an idea of what it represents, the researcher cites the resolution 7/1996do National Council on the Environment (CONAMA),. This resolution describes all restinga vegetation of São Paulo.
In Itaguaré, in the range that goes from beach to the foothills of the Serra do Mar, can be found all the vegetation types described by the resolution. Moreover, even were discovered two new types of forests.
HIGH DIVERSITY
Much of this diversity is now kept in the Herbarium of Universidade Santa Cecilia.
Between 1998 and 2006, researchers from Unisanta in partnership with the Institute of Botany (SMA / SP), cataloged the presence of 611 plant species in Itaguaré, a variety considered "very high" by biologist Paul de Salles Penteado Sampaio, the Unisanta.
"By way of comparison, Picinguaba, on this coast, 696 species are found. On Ilha do Mel, Parana, are 555. Both, however, are conservation areas, "explains the researcher.
"The last survey done in this excerpt from Bertioga identified 10 species on the list of endangered plants in the State of Sao Paulo. Another 32 are considered rare and two represent the first instance to our state. This further underscores the urgency of protecting this area. "
Professor Celia Regina agrees. "We know there is much pressure to take Itaguaré. But this is the last beach still preserved across the Santos area since the strip of sand to the Serra do Mar ".
SERVICE:
In the next 27 days, the researcher Celia Regina de Gouveia Souza will be launching in Santos, the book "Restinga: Concepts and Terms of Employment in Brazil and Implications for Environmental Law," during a meeting of the Development Council of Santos (Condesb).
AREA CAN TURN STORAGE UNIT
Early next year, the Chico Mendes Institute (ICMBio) linked to the Ministry of Environment (MMA) is to initiate public consultations in order to transform the region encompassing the beach Itaguaré in a Conservation Unit (UC) .
If approved, the UC would involve an area equivalent to 12,000 football fields, going to the beach which is about 4 km long, up to the foothills of the Serra do Mar.
The proposal, according to Daniel 'Kurup', Institute Ibiosfera, would have the assent of the MMA, as long even with support from the State Secretary of Environment of São Paulo, Xico Graziano.
As president of Consema (State Council on the Environment), Graziano has positioned itself in favor of preserving the area over proposals to install real estate resort''option that second Ingrid Oberg, head of IBAMA's regional office in Santos, face serious difficulties on the basis of environmental legislation.
"There are various restrictive rules. Moreover, Bertioga not require areas for such expansion. The city has even subdivisions not yet occupied. "
For Ingrid, if not transformed into UC, Itaguaré follow "a perverse model" of occupation, characterized by so-called "tourism of second residence." "Reaching this kind of business is an open door to invasion."
Currently, based on the draft text of the Ecological Economic Zoning (EEZ) from Santos, Itaguaré appears divided into two zones.
The part near the river mouth Itaguaré is classified as Zone 1 (permanent preservation). The rest, most of the area, appears as Zone 4, ie, if passed allows the construction of residences.
The finding is a study by the Geological Institute, an agency of the Department of Environment of the State of São Paulo (SMA / SP).
According to researcher and professor of postgraduate course in Geography at USP, Celia Regina de Gouveia Souza, Itaguaré paleopraias has remnants of which date back over 123,000 years.
Traces of this kind are rare in Brazil, the researcher explained. Similar evidence only occur on the coast of Rio Grande do Sul
THE MOST IMPORTANT
Why have remained relatively free of human activity over the past thousands of years, the beach, until the encounter with the Coast Range, is today what the geologist classifies as "the most important corridor sub-biomes of the coastal plain existing in the State of Sao Paulo. "
To give an idea of what it represents, the researcher cites the resolution 7/1996do National Council on the Environment (CONAMA),. This resolution describes all restinga vegetation of São Paulo.
In Itaguaré, in the range that goes from beach to the foothills of the Serra do Mar, can be found all the vegetation types described by the resolution. Moreover, even were discovered two new types of forests.
HIGH DIVERSITY
Much of this diversity is now kept in the Herbarium of Universidade Santa Cecilia.
Between 1998 and 2006, researchers from Unisanta in partnership with the Institute of Botany (SMA / SP), cataloged the presence of 611 plant species in Itaguaré, a variety considered "very high" by biologist Paul de Salles Penteado Sampaio, the Unisanta.
"By way of comparison, Picinguaba, on this coast, 696 species are found. On Ilha do Mel, Parana, are 555. Both, however, are conservation areas, "explains the researcher.
"The last survey done in this excerpt from Bertioga identified 10 species on the list of endangered plants in the State of Sao Paulo. Another 32 are considered rare and two represent the first instance to our state. This further underscores the urgency of protecting this area. "
Professor Celia Regina agrees. "We know there is much pressure to take Itaguaré. But this is the last beach still preserved across the Santos area since the strip of sand to the Serra do Mar ".
SERVICE:
In the next 27 days, the researcher Celia Regina de Gouveia Souza will be launching in Santos, the book "Restinga: Concepts and Terms of Employment in Brazil and Implications for Environmental Law," during a meeting of the Development Council of Santos (Condesb).
AREA CAN TURN STORAGE UNIT
Early next year, the Chico Mendes Institute (ICMBio) linked to the Ministry of Environment (MMA) is to initiate public consultations in order to transform the region encompassing the beach Itaguaré in a Conservation Unit (UC) .
If approved, the UC would involve an area equivalent to 12,000 football fields, going to the beach which is about 4 km long, up to the foothills of the Serra do Mar.
The proposal, according to Daniel 'Kurup', Institute Ibiosfera, would have the assent of the MMA, as long even with support from the State Secretary of Environment of São Paulo, Xico Graziano.
As president of Consema (State Council on the Environment), Graziano has positioned itself in favor of preserving the area over proposals to install real estate resort''option that second Ingrid Oberg, head of IBAMA's regional office in Santos, face serious difficulties on the basis of environmental legislation.
"There are various restrictive rules. Moreover, Bertioga not require areas for such expansion. The city has even subdivisions not yet occupied. "
For Ingrid, if not transformed into UC, Itaguaré follow "a perverse model" of occupation, characterized by so-called "tourism of second residence." "Reaching this kind of business is an open door to invasion."
Currently, based on the draft text of the Ecological Economic Zoning (EEZ) from Santos, Itaguaré appears divided into two zones.
The part near the river mouth Itaguaré is classified as Zone 1 (permanent preservation). The rest, most of the area, appears as Zone 4, ie, if passed allows the construction of residences.
Turtle Leather
On 5/9/2009, was found dead leatherback turtle with 196 cm long, 22 vertebrae, 102 cm wide, with stringers of 14.18 cm and 19, until the middle of the upper vertebras.Membro 141cm length, 33 cm wide, lower limb 57 cm long, 30 cm wide, 62 cm diameter head, eye hole 7 cm, open mouth 24 cm, 29 cm tongue papillae 7 cm long and 1 cm wide, 29 cm tail length and 31 cm wide.
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